Which type of hacker operates between ethical and unethical lines?

Grey Hat Hackers operate in a space that exists between ethical and unethical hacking. They often exploit vulnerabilities in systems and networks without the owner’s permission, which classifies their actions as unethical or illegal. However, their intent is typically not malicious; they may aim to demonstrate weaknesses to the owner for the purpose of improvement. This distinguishes them from Black Hat Hackers, whose activities are purely malicious—focused on theft, destruction, or exploitation for personal gain.

Grey Hat Hackers may find and report vulnerabilities to stakeholders, offer solutions, or enhance the security posture of an organization, without necessarily following established legal protocols. This dual nature of their actions—simultaneously bending ethical norms while intending beneficial outcomes—places them squarely in this grey area. The other types of hackers, such as Blue Hats who often participate in external testing for companies or Red Hats who actively hunt down Black Hats, operate within more defined ethical boundaries.